diff --git a/2019/Multiple_Switches_Can_Slow_A_Network/docs/5.html b/2019/Multiple_Switches_Can_Slow_A_Network/docs/5.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4dade7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2019/Multiple_Switches_Can_Slow_A_Network/docs/5.html
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+
+
+ Multiple Switches can Slow a Network Down
+
+
+
+1. Overview
+
+
+
+ A question is, can multiple network switches, slow down either the network or the WAN. The answer is yes. Let's discuss a working example today.
+
+
+
+2. The Previous IT Guys
+
+
+
+ Today I was working at an office. They had a firewall connected to a Verizon FIOS modem. They had a gigabit \footnote{Actually, all switches were gigabit, but it didn't make a difference.}switch immediately downstream, and then a network cable ran about 50-75 feet to their office. Here they had another Gigabit switch, and then the cables went off to either computers or other switches. Let's forget about what was downstream of that last switch except for the computers.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2.1. Internet Speeds
+
+
+
+ The internet speed from the two computers in the office was about 10Mbps down and roughly the same upload. However, I tested the speed directly from the IT closet, and found 100Mbps down and 100Mbps up. At this point, it was a simple case of following the signal path and seeing where things slowed down. At least, I knew that they should be getting 100/100Mbps.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2.2. The Tests
+
+
+
+ What I found is that as soon as I had two switches after the firewall \footnote{which has its own internal switch}the speed would drop to 10/10. It was not dependent upon any brand of switch. I tried swapping from one other model that was available. The slowdown appeared to be switch independent. So in summary:
+
+
- Firewall - computer - 100/100
- Firewall - switch - computer - 100/100
- Firewall - switch - 50 foot wire - computer - 100/100
- Firewall - switch - 50 foot wire - Switch A- computer - 10/10
- Firewall - switch - 50 foot wire - Switch B- computer - 10/10
+
+
+
+
+ What I did was remove the switch at the outside of the firewall. Now I had only
+ \vspace{0.2in}
+ Firewall - 50 foot wire - Switch - Computer - 100/100
+
+\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{../pics/drawing.png} \captionof{figure}{Here, removing the first switch after the firewall, resolved the low speed issues.}
+
+
+
+
+
+3. Additional Background
+
+
+
+ I've heard an IT person mention that he didn't like multiple switches in network deployments, due to speed issues. On the other hand, I've setup Video Recording Networks with multiple switches all connecting serially to each other without issue. It seems that this is not a simple black and white issue. With the right hardware you may get away with it. Or if you avoid WAN access. In any case, the only way to know, is to test.
+
+
+
+
+
+4. Conclusion
+
+
+
+ If you are going to put \textgreater 1 switches downstream of the firewall, make sure to double check the WAN speed tests from just after the firewall, to at the very last switch.
+
diff --git a/2019/Multiple_Switches_Can_Slow_A_Network/docs/latex2wp.py b/2019/Multiple_Switches_Can_Slow_A_Network/docs/latex2wp.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0a16455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2019/Multiple_Switches_Can_Slow_A_Network/docs/latex2wp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+"""
+ Copyright 2009 Luca Trevisan
+
+ Additional contributors: Radu Grigore
+
+ LaTeX2WP version 0.6.2
+
+ This file is part of LaTeX2WP, a program that converts
+ a LaTeX document into a format that is ready to be
+ copied and pasted into WordPress.
+
+ You are free to redistribute and/or modify LaTeX2WP under the
+ terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 3
+ or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ I hope you will find LaTeX2WP useful, but be advised that
+ it comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+ of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GPL for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+ License along with LaTeX2WP. If you can't find it,
+ see .
+"""
+
+
+import re
+from sys import argv
+
+from latex2wpstyle import *
+
+# prepare variables computed from the info in latex2wpstyle
+count = dict()
+for thm in ThmEnvs:
+ count[T[thm]] = 0
+count["section"] = count["subsection"] = count["equation"] = 0
+
+ref={}
+
+endlatex = "&fg="+textcolor
+if HTML : endproof = "![](\"http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=\Box&fg=000000\")
"
+
+
+inthm = ""
+
+"""
+ At the beginning, the commands \$, \% and \& are temporarily
+ replaced by placeholders (the second entry in each 4-tuple).
+ At the end, The placeholders in text mode are replaced by
+ the third entry, and the placeholders in math mode are
+ replaced by the fourth entry.
+"""
+
+esc = [["\\$","_dollar_","$","\\$"],
+ ["\\%","_percent_","%","\\%"],
+ ["\\&","_amp_","&","\\&"],
+ [">","_greater_",">",">"],
+ ["<","_lesser_","<","<"]]
+
+M = M + [ ["\\more",""],
+ ["\\newblock","\\\\"],
+ ["\\sloppy",""],
+ ["\\S","§"]]
+
+Mnomath =[["\\\\","
\n"],
+ ["\\ "," "],
+ ["\\`a","à"],
+ ["\\'a","á"],
+ ["\\\"a","ä"],
+ ["\\aa ","å"],
+ ["{\\aa}","å"],
+ ["\\`e","è"],
+ ["\\'e","é"],
+ ["\\\"e","ë"],
+ ["\\`i","ì"],
+ ["\\'i","í"],
+ ["\\\"i","ï"],
+ ["\\`o","ò"],
+ ["\\'o","ó"],
+ ["\\\"o","ö"],
+ ["\\`o","ò"],
+ ["\\'o","ó"],
+ ["\\\"o","ö"],
+ ["\\H o","ö"],
+ ["\\`u","ù"],
+ ["\\'u","ú"],
+ ["\\\"u","ü"],
+ ["\\`u","ù"],
+ ["\\'u","ú"],
+ ["\\\"u","ü"],
+ ["\\v{C}","Č"]]
+
+
+cb = re.compile("\\{|}")
+
+def extractbody(m) :
+
+ begin = re.compile("\\\\begin\s*")
+ m= begin.sub("\\\\begin",m)
+ end = re.compile("\\\\end\s*")
+ m = end.sub("\\\\end",m)
+
+ beginenddoc = re.compile("\\\\begin\\{document}"
+ "|\\\\end\\{document}")
+ parse = beginenddoc.split(m)
+ if len(parse)== 1 :
+ m = parse[0]
+ else :
+ m = parse[1]
+
+ """
+ removes comments, replaces double returns with
and
+ other returns and multiple spaces by a single space.
+ """
+
+ for e in esc :
+ m = m.replace(e[0],e[1])
+
+ comments = re.compile("%.*?\n")
+ m=comments.sub(" ",m)
+
+
+
+ multiplereturns = re.compile("\n\n+")
+ m= multiplereturns.sub ("
",m)
+ spaces=re.compile("(\n|[ ])+")
+ m=spaces.sub(" ",m)
+
+ """
+ removes text between \iffalse ... \fi and
+ between \iftex ... \fi keeps text between
+ \ifblog ... \fi
+ """
+
+
+ ifcommands = re.compile("\\\\iffalse|\\\\ifblog|\\\\iftex|\\\\fi")
+ L=ifcommands.split(m)
+ I=ifcommands.findall(m)
+ m= L[0]
+ for i in range(1,(len(L)+1)/2) :
+ if (I[2*i-2]=="\\ifblog") :
+ m=m+L[2*i-1]
+ m=m+L[2*i]
+
+ """
+ changes $$ ... $$ into \[ ... \] and reformats
+ eqnarray* environments as regular array environments
+ """
+
+ doubledollar = re.compile("\\$\\$")
+ L=doubledollar.split(m)
+ m=L[0]
+ for i in range(1,(len(L)+1)/2) :
+ m = m+ "\\[" + L[2*i-1] + "\\]" + L[2*i]
+
+ m=m.replace("\\begin{eqnarray*}","\\[ \\begin{array}{rcl} ")
+ m=m.replace("\\end{eqnarray*}","\\end{array} \\]")
+
+ return m
+
+def convertsqb(m) :
+
+ r = re.compile("\\\\item\\s*\\[.*?\\]")
+
+ Litems = r.findall(m)
+ Lrest = r.split(m)
+
+ m = Lrest[0]
+ for i in range(0,len(Litems)) :
+ s= Litems[i]
+ s=s.replace("\\item","\\nitem")
+ s=s.replace("[","{")
+ s=s.replace("]","}")
+ m=m+s+Lrest[i+1]
+
+ r = re.compile("\\\\begin\\s*\\{\\w+}\\s*\\[.*?\\]")
+ Lthms = r.findall(m)
+ Lrest = r.split(m)
+
+ m = Lrest[0]
+ for i in range(0,len(Lthms)) :
+ s= Lthms[i]
+ s=s.replace("\\begin","\\nbegin")
+ s=s.replace("[","{")
+ s=s.replace("]","}")
+ m=m+s+Lrest[i+1]
+
+ return m
+
+
+def converttables(m) :
+
+
+ retable = re.compile("\\\\begin\s*\\{tabular}.*?\\\\end\s*\\{tabular}"
+ "|\\\\begin\s*\\{btabular}.*?\\\\end\s*\\{btabular}")
+ tables = retable.findall(m)
+ rest = retable.split(m)
+
+
+ m = rest[0]
+ for i in range(len(tables)) :
+ if tables[i].find("{btabular}") != -1 :
+ m = m + convertonetable(tables[i],True)
+ else :
+ m = m + convertonetable(tables[i],False)
+ m = m + rest[i+1]
+
+
+ return m
+
+
+def convertmacros(m) :
+
+
+ comm = re.compile("\\\\[a-zA-Z]*")
+ commands = comm.findall(m)
+ rest = comm.split(m)
+
+
+ r= rest[0]
+ for i in range( len (commands) ) :
+ for s1,s2 in M :
+ if s1==commands[i] :
+ commands[i] = s2
+ r=r+commands[i]+rest[i+1]
+ return(r)
+
+
+def convertonetable(m,border) :
+
+ tokens = re.compile("\\\\begin\\{tabular}\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\end\\{tabular}"
+ "|\\\\begin\\{btabular}\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\end\\{btabular}"
+ "|&|\\\\\\\\")
+
+ align = { "c" : "center", "l" : "left" , "r" : "right" }
+
+ T = tokens.findall(m)
+ C = tokens.split(m)
+
+
+ L = cb.split(T[0])
+ format = L[3]
+
+ columns = len(format)
+ if border :
+ m = "
"
+ else :
+ m=""
+ p=1
+ i=0
+
+
+ while T[p-1] != "\\end{tabular}" and T[p-1] != "\\end{btabular}":
+ m = m + "| " + C[p] + " | "
+ p=p+1
+ i=i+1
+ if T[p-1]=="\\\\" :
+ for i in range (p,columns) :
+ m=m+" | "
+ m=m+"
"
+ i=0
+ m = m+ "
"
+ return (m)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+def separatemath(m) :
+ mathre = re.compile("\\$.*?\\$"
+ "|\\\\begin\\{equation}.*?\\\\end\\{equation}"
+ "|\\\\\\[.*?\\\\\\]")
+ math = mathre.findall(m)
+ text = mathre.split(m)
+ return(math,text)
+
+
+def processmath( M ) :
+ R = []
+ counteq=0
+ global ref
+
+ mathdelim = re.compile("\\$"
+ "|\\\\begin\\{equation}"
+ "|\\\\end\\{equation}"
+ "|\\\\\\[|\\\\\\]")
+ label = re.compile("\\\\label\\{.*?}")
+
+ for m in M :
+ md = mathdelim.findall(m)
+ mb = mathdelim.split(m)
+
+ """
+ In what follows, md[0] contains the initial delimiter,
+ which is either \begin{equation}, or $, or \[, and
+ mb[1] contains the actual mathematical equation
+ """
+
+ if md[0] == "$" :
+ if HTML :
+ m=m.replace("$","")
+ m=m.replace("+","%2B")
+ m=m.replace(" ","+")
+ m=m.replace("'","'")
+ m="![](\"http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%7B"+m+"%7D"+endlatex+"\")
"
+ else :
+ m="$latex {"+mb[1]+"}"+endlatex+"$"
+
+ else :
+ if md[0].find("\\begin") != -1 :
+ count["equation"] += 1
+ mb[1] = mb[1] + "\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ("+str(count["equation"])+")"
+ if HTML :
+ mb[1]=mb[1].replace("+","%2B")
+ mb[1]=mb[1].replace("&","%26")
+ mb[1]=mb[1].replace(" ","+")
+ mb[1]=mb[1].replace("'","'")
+ m = "![](\"http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=\displaystyle)
\n"
+ else :
+ m = "$latex \displaystyle " + mb[1] +endlatex+"$
\n"
+ if m.find("\\label") != -1 :
+ mnolab = label.split(m)
+ mlab = label.findall(m)
+ """
+ Now the mathematical equation, which has already
+ been formatted for WordPress, is the union of
+ the strings mnolab[0] and mnolab[1]. The content
+ of the \label{...} command is in mlab[0]
+ """
+ lab = mlab[0]
+ lab=cb.split(lab)[1]
+ lab=lab.replace(":","")
+ ref[lab]=count["equation"]
+
+ m=""+mnolab[0]+mnolab[1]+""
+
+ R= R + [m]
+ return R
+
+
+def convertcolors(m,c) :
+ if m.find("begin") != -1 :
+ return("")
+ else :
+ return("")
+
+
+def convertitm(m) :
+ if m.find("begin") != -1 :
+ return ("\n\n")
+ else :
+ return ("\n
\n\n")
+
+def convertenum(m) :
+ if m.find("begin") != -1 :
+ return ("\n\n")
+ else :
+ return ("\n
\n\n")
+
+
+def convertbeginnamedthm(thname,thm) :
+ global inthm
+
+ count[T[thm]] +=1
+ inthm = thm
+ t = beginnamedthm.replace("_ThmType_",thm.capitalize())
+ t = t.replace("_ThmNumb_",str(count[T[thm]]))
+ t = t.replace("_ThmName_",thname)
+ return(t)
+
+def convertbeginthm(thm) :
+ global inthm
+
+ count[T[thm]] +=1
+ inthm = thm
+ t = beginthm.replace("_ThmType_",thm.capitalize())
+ t = t.replace("_ThmNumb_",str(count[T[thm]]))
+ return(t)
+
+def convertendthm(thm) :
+ global inthm
+
+ inthm = ""
+ return(endthm)
+
+
+def convertlab(m) :
+ global inthm
+ global ref
+
+
+ m=cb.split(m)[1]
+ m=m.replace(":","")
+ if inthm != "" :
+ ref[m]=count[T[inthm]]
+ else :
+ ref[m]=count["section"]
+ return("")
+
+
+
+def convertproof(m) :
+ if m.find("begin") != -1 :
+ return(beginproof)
+ else :
+ return(endproof)
+
+
+def convertsection (m) :
+
+
+ L=cb.split(m)
+
+ """
+ L[0] contains the \\section or \\section* command, and
+ L[1] contains the section name
+ """
+
+ if L[0].find("*") == -1 :
+ t=section
+ count["section"] += 1
+ count["subsection"]=0
+
+ else :
+ t=sectionstar
+
+ t=t.replace("_SecNumb_",str(count["section"]) )
+ t=t.replace("_SecName_",L[1])
+ return(t)
+
+def convertsubsection (m) :
+
+
+ L=cb.split(m)
+
+ if L[0].find("*") == -1 :
+ t=subsection
+ else :
+ t=subsectionstar
+
+ count["subsection"] += 1
+ t=t.replace("_SecNumb_",str(count["section"]) )
+ t=t.replace("_SubSecNumb_",str(count["subsection"]) )
+ t=t.replace("_SecName_",L[1])
+ return(t)
+
+
+def converturl (m) :
+ L = cb.split(m)
+ return (""+L[3]+"")
+
+def converturlnosnap (m) :
+ L = cb.split(m)
+ return (""+L[3]+"")
+
+
+def convertimage (m) :
+ L = cb.split (m)
+ return ("![](\""+L[3])
")
+
+def convertstrike (m) :
+ L=cb.split(m)
+ return(""+L[1]+"")
+
+def processtext ( t ) :
+ p = re.compile("\\\\begin\\{\\w+}"
+ "|\\\\nbegin\\{\\w+}\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\end\\{\\w+}"
+ "|\\\\item"
+ "|\\\\nitem\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\label\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\section\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\section\\*\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\subsection\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\subsection\\*\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\href\\s*\\{.*?}\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\hrefnosnap\\s*\\{.*?}\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\image\\s*\\{.*?}\\s*\\{.*?}\\s*\\{.*?}"
+ "|\\\\sout\\s*\\{.*?}")
+
+
+
+
+ for s1, s2 in Mnomath :
+ t=t.replace(s1,s2)
+
+
+ ttext = p.split(t)
+ tcontrol = p.findall(t)
+
+
+ w = ttext[0]
+
+
+ i=0
+ while i < len(tcontrol) :
+ if tcontrol[i].find("{itemize}") != -1 :
+ w=w+convertitm(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("{enumerate}") != -1 :
+ w= w+convertenum(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i][0:5]=="\\item" :
+ w=w+""
+ elif tcontrol[i][0:6]=="\\nitem" :
+ lb = tcontrol[i][7:].replace("{","")
+ lb = lb.replace("}","")
+ w=w+""+lb
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\hrefnosnap") != -1 :
+ w = w+converturlnosnap(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\href") != -1 :
+ w = w+converturl(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("{proof}") != -1 :
+ w = w+convertproof(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\subsection") != -1 :
+ w = w+convertsubsection(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\section") != -1 :
+ w = w+convertsection(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\label") != -1 :
+ w=w+convertlab(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\image") != -1 :
+ w = w+convertimage(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\sout") != -1 :
+ w = w+convertstrike(tcontrol[i])
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\begin") !=-1 and tcontrol[i].find("{center}")!= -1 :
+ w = w+""
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\end")!= -1 and tcontrol[i].find("{center}") != -1 :
+ w = w+"
"
+ else :
+ for clr in colorchoice :
+ if tcontrol[i].find("{"+clr+"}") != -1:
+ w=w + convertcolors(tcontrol[i],clr)
+ for thm in ThmEnvs :
+ if tcontrol[i]=="\\end{"+thm+"}" :
+ w=w+convertendthm(thm)
+ elif tcontrol[i]=="\\begin{"+thm+"}":
+ w=w+convertbeginthm(thm)
+ elif tcontrol[i].find("\\nbegin{"+thm+"}") != -1:
+ L=cb.split(tcontrol[i])
+ thname=L[3]
+ w=w+convertbeginnamedthm(thname,thm)
+ w += ttext[i+1]
+ i += 1
+
+ return processfontstyle(w)
+
+def processfontstyle(w) :
+
+ close = dict()
+ ww = ""
+ level = i = 0
+ while i < len(w):
+ special = False
+ for k, v in fontstyle.items():
+ l = len(k)
+ if w[i:i+l] == k:
+ level += 1
+ ww += '<' + v + '>'
+ close[level] = ''
+ i += l
+ special = True
+ if not special:
+ if w[i] == '{':
+ ww += '{'
+ level += 1
+ close[level] = '}'
+ elif w[i] == '}' and level > 0:
+ ww += close[level]
+ level -= 1
+ else:
+ ww += w[i]
+ i += 1
+ return ww
+
+
+def convertref(m) :
+ global ref
+
+ p=re.compile("\\\\ref\s*\\{.*?}|\\\\eqref\s*\\{.*?}")
+
+ T=p.split(m)
+ M=p.findall(m)
+
+ w = T[0]
+ for i in range(len(M)) :
+ t=M[i]
+ lab=cb.split(t)[1]
+ lab=lab.replace(":","")
+ if t.find("\\eqref") != -1 :
+ w=w+"("+str(ref[lab])+")"
+ else :
+ w=w+""+str(ref[lab])+""
+ w=w+T[i+1]
+ return w
+
+"""
+The program makes several passes through the input.
+
+In a first clean-up, all text before \begin{document}
+and after \end{document}, if present, is removed,
+all double-returns are converted
+to , and all remaining returns are converted to
+spaces.
+
+The second step implements a few simple macros. The user can
+add support for more macros if desired by editing the
+convertmacros() procedure.
+
+Then the program separates the mathematical
+from the text parts. (It assumes that the document does
+not start with a mathematical expression.)
+
+It makes one pass through the text part, translating
+environments such as theorem, lemma, proof, enumerate, itemize,
+\em, and \bf. Along the way, it keeps counters for the current
+section and subsection and for the current numbered theorem-like
+environment, as well as a flag that tells whether one is
+inside a theorem-like environment or not. Every time a \label{xx}
+command is encountered, we give ref[xx] the value of the section
+in which the command appears, or the number of the theorem-like
+environment in which it appears (if applicable). Each appearence
+of \label is replace by an html "name" tag, so that later we can
+replace \ref commands by clickable html links.
+
+The next step is to make a pass through the mathematical environments.
+Displayed equations are numbered and centered, and when a \label{xx}
+command is encountered we give ref[xx] the number of the current
+equation.
+
+A final pass replaces \ref{xx} commands by the number in ref[xx],
+and a clickable link to the referenced location.
+"""
+
+
+inputfile = "wpress.tex"
+outputfile = "wpress.html"
+if len(argv) > 1 :
+ inputfile = argv[1]
+ if len(argv) > 2 :
+ outputfile = argv[2]
+ else :
+ outputfile = inputfile.replace(".tex",".html")
+f=open(inputfile)
+s=f.read()
+f.close()
+
+
+"""
+ extractbody() takes the text between a \begin{document}
+ and \end{document}, if present, (otherwise it keeps the
+ whole document), normalizes the spacing, and removes comments
+"""
+s=extractbody(s)
+
+# formats tables
+s=converttables(s)
+
+# reformats optional parameters passed in square brackets
+s=convertsqb(s)
+
+
+#implement simple macros
+s=convertmacros(s)
+
+
+# extracts the math parts, and replaces the with placeholders
+# processes math and text separately, then puts the processed
+# math equations in place of the placeholders
+
+(math,text) = separatemath(s)
+
+
+s=text[0]
+for i in range(len(math)) :
+ s=s+"__math"+str(i)+"__"+text[i+1]
+
+s = processtext ( s )
+math = processmath ( math )
+
+# converts escape sequences such as \$ to HTML codes
+# This must be done after formatting the tables or the '&' in
+# the HTML codes will create problems
+
+for e in esc :
+ s=s.replace(e[1],e[2])
+ for i in range ( len ( math ) ) :
+ math[i] = math[i].replace(e[1],e[3])
+
+# puts the math equations back into the text
+
+
+for i in range(len(math)) :
+ s=s.replace("__math"+str(i)+"__",math[i])
+
+# translating the \ref{} commands
+s=convertref(s)
+
+
+
+if HTML :
+ s="
"+s+"