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Electronics_Projects_2020

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}  .ezoic-wrapper .secondary a:hover + .post-count,  .ezoic-wrapper .secondary a:focus + .post-count {    background: #375764;    border-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .calendar_wrap #today > a {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination a,  .ezoic-wrapper .page-links .page-link,  .ezoic-wrapper .single .post-navigation a {    color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination a:focus,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination > span:hover:not(.dots),  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination > span.current,  .ezoic-wrapper .page-links > .page-link,  .ezoic-wrapper .page-links .page-link:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .post-navigation a:hover {    color: #3a3a3a; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-minimal.menu-toggle {    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);    color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-outline.menu-toggle {    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);    border: 1px solid #375764;    color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-fill.menu-toggle {    background: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper button,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-button,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-custom-button,  .ezoic-wrapper .button,  .ezoic-wrapper input#submit,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="button"],  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="submit"],  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="reset"] {    color: white;    border-color: #375764;    background-color: #375764;    border-radius: 2px;    padding-top: 10px;    padding-right: 40px;    padding-bottom: 10px;    padding-left: 40px;    font-family: inherit;    font-weight: inherit; }  .ezoic-wrapper button:focus,  .ezoic-wrapper .menu-toggle:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper button:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-button:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .button:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type=reset]:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type=reset]:focus,  .ezoic-wrapper input#submit:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper input#submit:focus,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="button"]:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="button"]:focus,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="submit"]:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper input[type="submit"]:focus {    color: white;    background-color: #3a3a3a;    border-color: #3a3a3a; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-page-builder-template .comments-area,  .ezoic-wrapper .single.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header,  .ezoic-wrapper .single.ast-page-builder-template .post-navigation {    max-width: 1240px;    margin-left: auto;    margin-right: auto; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-container {    max-width: 1240px; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper {    border-color: #eaeaea; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children {    border-top-width: 1px;    border-right-width: 1px;    border-left-width: 1px;    border-bottom-width: 1px;    border-style: solid; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children .children {    top: -1px; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children a {    border-bottom-width: 1px;    border-style: solid;    border-color: #eaeaea; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > ul,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > ul {    margin-left: -2px; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-small-footer {    border-top-style: solid;    border-top-width: 1px;    border-top-color: #e8e8e8; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li {    display: inline-block;    margin: 0;    padding: 0;    border: none;    background: inherit;    text-indent: 0; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse {    font-size: inherit;    font-style: inherit;    font-weight: inherit;    color: inherit; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items {    list-style: none; }  .ezoic-wrapper .trail-items li > .ezoic-after-el {    padding: 0 0.3em;    content: "»"; }  .ezoic-wrapper .trail-items li:last-of-type > .ezoic-after-el {    display: none; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .site-header {    border-bottom-width: 0; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-bar {    border-bottom-width: 0; }  .ezoic-wrapper #primary {    width: 70%; }  .ezoic-wrapper #secondary {    width: 30%; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-flex {    -webkit-align-content: center;    -ms-flex-line-pack: center;    align-content: center;    -webkit-box-align: center;    -webkit-align-items: center;    -moz-box-align: center;    -ms-flex-align: center;    align-items: center; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-bar {    padding: 1em 0; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-site-identity {    padding: 0; }  .ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-1 .ast-flex.main-header-container,  .ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-3 .ast-flex.main-header-container {    -webkit-align-content: center;    -ms-flex-line-pack: center;    align-content: center;    -webkit-box-align: center;    -webkit-align-items: center;    -moz-box-align: center;    -ms-flex-align: center;    align-items: center; }  .ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-1 .ast-flex.main-header-container,  .ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-3 .ast-flex.main-header-container {    -webkit-align-content: center;    -ms-flex-line-pack: center;    align-content: center;    -webkit-box-align: center;    -webkit-align-items: center;    -moz-box-align: center;    -ms-flex-align: center;    align-items: center; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on * {    background: #375764;    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-month,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-year {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-load-more:hover {    color: white;    border-color: #375764;    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-loader > div {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers {    color: #3a3a3a;    border-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers.current,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers:focus,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers:hover {    color: white;    background-color: #375764;    border-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper h1,  .ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h1 {    color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .entry-title a {    color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .blog-layout-1,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .blog-layout-2,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .blog-layout-3 {    background-color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-archive-description .page-title {    color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .comment-respond,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .error-404,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .no-results,  .ezoic-wrapper .single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content {    background-color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-bar {    background-color: #375764;    background-image: none; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current_page_item > a {    color: white;    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li:hover > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li.focus > a {    background-color: #375764;    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children a {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li:hover > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li:hover > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.focus > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.focus > a {    color: white;    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-heading.current_page_item {    color: white;    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .main-navigation .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar {    background-color: #375764;    background-image: none; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current_page_item > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items .ast-inline-search form .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select .widget,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select .widget-title {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items .ast-inline-search form {    border-color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li:hover > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.focus > a {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current_page_item > .ast-menu-toggle,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current_page_item > a {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current_page_item > a {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu a {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul a {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu ul {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul a:focus {    color: white; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children a:hover,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li:hover > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li:hover > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.focus > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.focus > a {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_ancestor > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,  .ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a {    background-color: #375764; }  .ezoic-wrapper .woocommerce .products ul,  .ezoic-wrapper .woocommerce ul.products {    margin: 0 0 0em; }  .ezoic-wrapper img.zoomImg {    display: inline !important; }  .ezoic-wrapper[class$="woocommerce-product-gallery__trigger"] {    visibility: hidden; }
</style><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><style type="text/css" datatype="ezoic-user-css">.ezoic-wrapper-column-1 { max-width: 184px !important; }.ezoic-wrapper-column-2 { max-width: 184px !important; }.ezoic-wrapper-content { max-width: 730px !important; }.ezoic-wrapper-column-1 * { max-width: 184px; }.ezoic-wrapper-column-2 * { max-width: 184px; }.ezoic-wrapper-content * { max-width: 730px; }.ezWidgetWrap { display: table !important; overflow: hidden !important; clear: both !important; }.ezoic-top-partition { max-width: none !important; clear: both !important; overflow:hidden !important; }.ezoic-top-partition * { max-width: none; }#ezmob_footer span, div.ezoic-floating-bottom span { padding: 0px !important; }
#stylesheet_body { height: auto !important; width: auto !important; background-image: none !important; border: 0px solid transparent !important; }
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margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "><div class="ast-single-post-order" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:240px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:699px;rend_px_area:180240;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div;pagepos:142;cwidth:751px;cheight:240px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:699;rend_px_area:180240;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:182155.05;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:87;req_margin_and_padding:10;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:171px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:570px;rend_px_area:128421;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:48px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/h1;pagepos:143;cwidth:751px;cheight:171px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:570;rend_px_area:128421;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:252;req_px_area:134842.05;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:57;req_margin_and_padding:10;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:10;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 10px 0px;margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">How to Build a Home Made Frequency Meter – Includes Schematic and Parts List</h1><div class="entry-meta" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:60px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:128px;wocalc:128px;hcalc:270px;rend_px_area:45060;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div;pagepos:144;cwidth:751px;cheight:60px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:128px;wocalc:128px;hcalc:270;rend_px_area:45060;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:47313;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span class="cat-links" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:106px;wocalc:106px;hcalc:150px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[1];pagepos:145;cwidth:106;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:106px;wocalc:106px;hcalc:150;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:5;ez_min_text_wdth:106;req_px_area:32640;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><a href="https://www.brighthubengineering.com/diy-electronics-devices/" rel="category tag" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:68px;wocalc:68px;hcalc:270px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[1]/a;pagepos:146;cwidth:68;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:68px;wocalc:68px;hcalc:270;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:68;req_px_area:32640;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;">Hobbyist &amp; DIY Electronic Devices &amp; Circuits</a></span> / By <span class="posted-by vcard author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:30px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[3];pagepos:148;cwidth:110;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:30;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:5;ez_min_text_wdth:98;req_px_area:4140;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"> <a title="View all posts by Swagatam" href="https://www.brighthubengineering.com/author/swagatam/" rel="author" class="url fn n" itemprop="url" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:30px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[3]/a;pagepos:149;cwidth:110;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:30;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:98;req_px_area:4140;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:69px;wocalc:69px;hcalc:60px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[3]/a/span;pagepos:150;cwidth:69;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:69px;wocalc:69px;hcalc:60;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:69;req_px_area:4140;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;">Swagatam</span></a></span>/ <span class="tags-links" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:128px;wocalc:128px;hcalc:60px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[5];pagepos:152;cwidth:128;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:128px;wocalc:128px;hcalc:60;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:5;ez_min_text_wdth:128;req_px_area:10725;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"><a href="https://www.brighthubengineering.com/electrical/" rel="tag" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:55px;wocalc:55px;hcalc:150px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/div/span[5]/a;pagepos:153;cwidth:55;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:55px;wocalc:55px;hcalc:150;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:55;req_px_area:10725;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:30;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;">Electrical Engineering</a></span></div> </div></header><div class="entry-content clear" itemprop="text" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:4880px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:4880px;rend_px_area:3664880;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div;pagepos:154;cwidth:751px;cheight:4880px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:4880;rend_px_area:3664880;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:751;req_px_area:2859212.1;obj_px_area:1080000;req_px_height:750;req_margin_and_padding:648;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; "><ins class="ezoic-before-el ezoic-bla-5-marker" style="content:none;background-attachment:scroll;background-clip:border-box;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background-image:none;background-origin:padding-box;background-position:0px 0px;background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-top-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(58, 58, 58);display:table;font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;font-size:21px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:42px;outline-color:rgb(58, 58, 58);outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;mcalc:0px 0px 0px 0px;pcalc:0px 0px 0px 0px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/ins[1];pagepos:155;cwidth:0px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:0px;wocalc:0px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:0px;wocalc:0px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0"></ins><h2 eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:54px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:256px;wocalc:256px;hcalc:54px;rend_px_area:40554;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:42px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/h2[1];pagepos:156;cwidth:751px;cheight:54px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:256px;wocalc:256px;hcalc:54;rend_px_area:40554;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:294;req_px_area:27648;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:54;req_margin_and_padding:20;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:20;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 20px 0px;margin:0px 0px 20px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">Introduction</h2><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:420px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:147px;wocalc:147px;hcalc:2604px;rend_px_area:315420;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[1];pagepos:157;cwidth:751px;cheight:420px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:200px;wocalc:147px;hcalc:2604;rend_px_area:315420;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:172;req_px_area:331191;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">The frequency meters available in the market are generally too costly and sophisticated. For new electronic enthusiasts it is always difficult to lay their hands on these hi-end types of frequency meters. Also, since the measuring needs of these electronic novices are limited, a simple analogue frequency meter in most cases can easily fulfill their demands. The homemade frequency meter circuit described in this article is very simple in design and will provide an optimum frequency measuring range useful to most electronic hobbyists. Moreover it would be great fun to build a test instrument at home and use it for the testing purposes of the future construction projects.</p><h2 eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:54px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:244px;wocalc:244px;hcalc:108px;rend_px_area:40554;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:42px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/h2[2];pagepos:158;cwidth:751px;cheight:54px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:244px;wocalc:244px;hcalc:108;rend_px_area:40554;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:245;req_px_area:39528;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:54;req_margin_and_padding:20;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:20;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 20px 0px;margin:0px 0px 20px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">What is Frequency?</h2><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[2];pagepos:159;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p><div style="text-align:center;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[1];pagepos:160;cwidth:751px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:450600;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;req_px_area:360000;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:450600;" cwidth="751"><span style='position:relative;max-width:600px;' onmouseover='document.getElementById("ezimg-3854590769").style.display="block"' onmouseout='document.getElementById("ezimg-3854590769").style.display="none"'><img src="https://img.bhs4.com/67/4/6748ae9f935c1ce57443af6b67f132794e7fa8b5_large.jpg" alt="AC Waveform" style="max-width:100%;width:364px;height:auto;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[1]/img;pagepos:161;cwidth:600px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:360000;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:600px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:360000;" cwidth="600"><span id='ezimg-3854590769' style='position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:3px;display:none'><span style='float:right; padding-top:3px; text-align:right;'><a title='Pin this image on Pinterest' href='#' onclick='pin_click("https://img.bhs4.com/67/4/6748ae9f935c1ce57443af6b67f132794e7fa8b5_large.jpg","Check it out!",3167); return false;'><img style='width:24px; height:12px;' src='/utilcave_com/social/pin_it.png' alt='Pin it!' /></a></span><span style="float:right;  text-align:right; padding-top: 4px;padding-right: 2px; "><a title='Share this image on Facebook' href='#' onclick='fbs_click("https://img.bhs4.com/67/4/6748ae9f935c1ce57443af6b67f132794e7fa8b5_large.jpg",3167); return false;'><img src='/utilcave_com/social/fb_share.png' style='width:36px; height:10px;' alt='Share on Facebook' /></a></span></span></span></div><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[3];pagepos:162;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:210px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:124px;wocalc:124px;hcalc:1512px;rend_px_area:157710;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[4];pagepos:163;cwidth:751px;cheight:210px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:170px;wocalc:124px;hcalc:1512;rend_px_area:157710;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:147;req_px_area:165595.5;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">In electronics, a frequency generally is in the form of a voltage that changes or varies its polarity number of times per second. You may take the example of your domestic mains AC line where the frequency of the voltage changes from positive to negative 50 to 60 times a second, hence the name Alternating Current or AC.</p><span style='display:inline-block;float:none;margin-bottom:2px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:2px !important;min-height:270px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad medrectangle-4' data-ad-type='no-expand' data-ez-name='brighthubengineering_com-medrectangle-4'><span id='div-gpt-ad-brighthubengineering_com-medrectangle-4-0' ezaw='300' ezah='250' style='position:relative;z-index:501;display:inline-block;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad ezoic-adl'><script data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false' type='text/javascript' style='display:none;'>eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'brighthubengineering_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',340,'0','0']));</script></span></span><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:294px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:146px;wocalc:146px;hcalc:1596px;rend_px_area:220794;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[5];pagepos:164;cwidth:751px;cheight:294px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:170px;wocalc:146px;hcalc:1596;rend_px_area:220794;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:160;req_px_area:231833.7;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The frequencies involved in electronic circuits are always low in magnitude and may not exceed the maximum operating voltage or the supply voltage of the circuit itself. These are used to fulfill many complicated functions in a circuit and are mostly generated using CMOS logic gates. It often becomes necessary to measure the rate of these frequencies and thus a frequency meter proves to be quite an indispensable tool for it.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:125px;wocalc:125px;hcalc:630px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[6];pagepos:165;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:125px;wocalc:125px;hcalc:630;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:89250;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The circuit of an analogue frequency meter presented here can be used to measure frequencies from as low as 25 Hz to a maximum of 500 KHz.</p><span style='display:inline-block;float:none;margin-bottom:2px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:2px !important;min-height:270px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad box-4' data-ad-type='no-expand' data-ez-name='brighthubengineering_com-box-4'><span id='div-gpt-ad-brighthubengineering_com-box-4-0' ezaw='300' ezah='250' style='position:relative;z-index:501;display:inline-block;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad ezoic-adl'><script data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false' type='text/javascript' style='display:none;'>eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'brighthubengineering_com-box-4','ezslot_3',260,'0','0']));</script></span></span><h2 eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:54px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:240px;wocalc:240px;hcalc:108px;rend_px_area:40554;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:42px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/h2[3];pagepos:166;cwidth:751px;cheight:54px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:240px;wocalc:240px;hcalc:108;rend_px_area:40554;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:270;req_px_area:38880;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:54;req_margin_and_padding:20;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:20;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 20px 0px;margin:0px 0px 20px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">Circuit Description</h2><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[7];pagepos:167;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p><div style="text-align:center;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[2];pagepos:168;cwidth:751px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:450600;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;req_px_area:360000;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:450600;" cwidth="751"><span style='position:relative;max-width:600px;' onmouseover='document.getElementById("ezimg-237696774").style.display="block"' onmouseout='document.getElementById("ezimg-237696774").style.display="none"'><img src="https://img.bhs4.com/82/b/82b28b13df043fd9bcc853128c8bf0b941ac64cb_large.jpg" alt="A Typical Analogue Frequency Meter" style="max-width:100%;width:364px;height:auto;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[2]/img;pagepos:169;cwidth:600px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:360000;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:600px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:360000;" cwidth="600"><span id='ezimg-237696774' style='position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:3px;display:none'><span style='float:right; padding-top:3px; text-align:right;'><a title='Pin this image on Pinterest' href='#' onclick='pin_click("https://img.bhs4.com/82/b/82b28b13df043fd9bcc853128c8bf0b941ac64cb_large.jpg","Check it out!",3167); return false;'><img style='width:24px; height:12px;' src='/utilcave_com/social/pin_it.png' alt='Pin it!' /></a></span><span style="float:right;  text-align:right; padding-top: 4px;padding-right: 2px; "><a title='Share this image on Facebook' href='#' onclick='fbs_click("https://img.bhs4.com/82/b/82b28b13df043fd9bcc853128c8bf0b941ac64cb_large.jpg",3167); return false;'><img src='/utilcave_com/social/fb_share.png' style='width:36px; height:10px;' alt='Share on Facebook' /></a></span></span></span></div><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:133px;wocalc:133px;hcalc:504px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[8];pagepos:170;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:133px;wocalc:133px;hcalc:504;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:147;req_px_area:66238.2;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">To understand the circuit functioning of this homemade frequency meter, let’s go through the following explanation:</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[9];pagepos:171;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p><div style="text-align:center;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[3];pagepos:172;cwidth:751px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:450600;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;req_px_area:360000;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:450600;" cwidth="751"><span style='position:relative;max-width:600px;' onmouseover='document.getElementById("ezimg-987733956").style.display="block"' onmouseout='document.getElementById("ezimg-987733956").style.display="none"'><img src="https://img.bhs4.com/97/1/9718e951675c326180c66cf059f88bdfbd5ea5da_large.jpg" alt="Home made frequency meter" style="max-width:100%;width:364px;height:auto;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[3]/img;pagepos:173;cwidth:600px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:360000;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:600px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:360000;" cwidth="600"><span id='ezimg-987733956' style='position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:3px;display:none'><span style='float:right; padding-top:3px; text-align:right;'><a title='Pin this image on Pinterest' href='#' onclick='pin_click("https://img.bhs4.com/97/1/9718e951675c326180c66cf059f88bdfbd5ea5da_large.jpg","Check it out!",3167); return false;'><img style='width:24px; height:12px;' src='/utilcave_com/social/pin_it.png' alt='Pin it!' /> </a></span><span style="float:right;  text-align:right; padding-top: 4px;padding-right: 2px; "><a title='Share this image on Facebook' href='#' onclick='fbs_click("https://img.bhs4.com/97/1/9718e951675c326180c66cf059f88bdfbd5ea5da_large.jpg",3167); return false;'><img src='/utilcave_com/social/fb_share.png' style='width:36px; height:10px;' alt='Share on Facebook' /></a></span></span></span></div><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:143px;wocalc:143px;hcalc:294px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[10];pagepos:174;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:143px;wocalc:143px;hcalc:294;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:172;req_px_area:57057;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">IC 555 forms the main part of the circuit and is wired as a monostable multivibrator.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:798px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[11];pagepos:175;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:798;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:123;req_px_area:99357.3;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">Its frequency is determined by the external components R2, VR1 and C3. The setting of VR1 is important and may be used to adjust the measuring range of the frequency meter.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:126px;wocalc:126px;hcalc:672px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[12];pagepos:176;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:126px;wocalc:126px;hcalc:672;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:160;req_px_area:97902;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The frequency in question is applied to the base of transistor T1 via resistor R6. T1 conducts only during the positive peaks of the input oscillations.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:168px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:130px;wocalc:130px;hcalc:1008px;rend_px_area:126168;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[13];pagepos:177;cwidth:751px;cheight:168px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:130px;wocalc:130px;hcalc:1008;rend_px_area:126168;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:160;req_px_area:132476.4;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">During these conductions of T1, capacitor C2 is forced to discharge quickly through R7 and T1. Also, during the negative peaks of the input oscillations, T1 is cut OFF and now C2 charges via R1 but at a fairly slow rate.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:99px;wocalc:99px;hcalc:924px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[14];pagepos:178;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:99px;hcalc:924;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:111;req_px_area:99357.3;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">Due to this, a sharp negative pulse appears at pin 2 of the IC through the capacitor C1. Resistor R3 makes it sure that the pulse is narrow and only just triggers the IC.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:462px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[15];pagepos:179;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:462;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:66238.2;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The IC immediately responds to the trigger generating a pulse of a constant period set by VR1 at its output pin 3.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:966px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[16];pagepos:180;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:966;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:123;req_px_area:99357.3;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">This pulse is smoothed and integrated by R4, R5 and C5, C6 to produce an average value of the pulses. A moving coil type meter can be used to indicate this integrated value.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:114px;wocalc:114px;hcalc:588px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[17];pagepos:181;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:114px;wocalc:114px;hcalc:588;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:111;req_px_area:66238.2;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The magnitude of these pulses will linearly vary with the input frequency and thus can be directly measured over the meter.</p><p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:126px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[18];pagepos:182;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:126;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:751;req_px_area:71064;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">Waveform Image Credit: <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/physics/images/waveform2.gif" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:62px;wocalc:62px;hcalc:756px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[18]/a;pagepos:184;cwidth:62;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:62px;wocalc:62px;hcalc:756;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:2;ez_min_text_wdth:62;req_px_area:54684;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;">https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/physics/images/waveform2.gif</a></p><div id="disqus_thread" data-bhtrackregion="Comments" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[7];pagepos:191;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;"></div><ins class="ezoic-after-el ezoic-bla-5-marker ezoic-bla-6-marker" style="content:none;background-attachment:scroll;background-clip:border-box;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background-image:none;background-origin:padding-box;background-position:0px 0px;background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px;background-repeat:repeat;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-top-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;clear:both;color:rgb(58, 58, 58);display:table;font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;font-size:21px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:42px;outline-color:rgb(58, 58, 58);outline-style:none;outline-width:0px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;mcalc:0px 0px 0px 0px;pcalc:0px 0px 0px 0px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/ins[2];pagepos:192;cwidth:0px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:0px;wocalc:0px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:0px;wocalc:0px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0"></ins></div>
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"+selected+">"+lang+"</option>"}return options}function handleAcceptClick(){document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-preference").checked=!0;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-statistics").checked=!0;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-marketing").checked=!0;saveSelections(2,1)}function handleDeclineClick(){document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-preference").checked=!1;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-statistics").checked=!1;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-marketing").checked=!1;saveSelections(1,0)}function handleOkClick(){saveSelections(3,0)}function alreadyOpen(){return null!==document.getElementById('ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper')}function init(){console.log(isValid());console.log(alreadyOpen());if(!isValid())return;if(alreadyOpen())return;if(pageIsEngageable===!0){fireEvent(document.body,'ezPageEngageable')}var options=getLanguageOptions();var css=document.createElement('style');css.type='text/css';css.appendChild(document.createTextNode(styles));document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(css);cmp="";cmp+=wrapper;cmp=cmp.replace(/{language-options}/g,options);document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend',cmp);setLanguage(results.settings.defaultLanguage);loadDetails('necessary')}function isUnsetOrEmpty(){for(var i=0;i<arguments.length;i++){var arg=arguments[i];if(typeof arg==="undefined"||arg===null||arg===""){return!0}}return!1}function isValid(){return typeof results!=="undefined"&&results.hasOwnProperty('ezCMP')&&results.hasOwnProperty("contentData")&&results.contentData.hasOwnProperty('list')&&results.contentData.hasOwnProperty('languages')&&results.hasOwnProperty('domain')&&results.hasOwnProperty('settings')}function loadDetails(type){var desc="",items=[];for(var i=0;i<results.contentData.list.length;i++){var c=results.contentData.list[i];if(c.language!==selectedLanguage)continue;switch(type){case 'necessary':desc=c.necessaryDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["1"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["1"];break;case 'preference':desc=c.preferenceDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["2"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["2"];break;case 'statistics':desc=c.statisticsDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["3"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["3"];break;case 'marketing':desc=c.marketingDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["4"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["4"];break;case 'unclassified':desc=c.unclassifiedDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["-1"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["-1"];break}}document.getElementById("ez-cookie-details-description").innerHTML=desc;var rows="";if(Object.keys(items).length>0){for(var ck in items){var purpose="";if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations)===!1){if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage])===!1){if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage][ck])===!1){if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage][ck].PURPOSE)===!1){purpose=results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage][ck].PURPOSE}}}}var duration=""if(items[ck].Duration>0){duration=items[ck].Duration+" min"}rows+="<tr><td>"+ck+"</td><td>"+purpose+"</td><td>"+(items[ck].IsPII==1?"true":"false")+"</td><td class='cDuration'>"+duration+"</td></tr>"}}else{rows="<tr><td colspan='3' style='text-align:center'>n/a</td></tr>"}document.getElementById("ez-cookie-table-body").innerHTML=rows}function removeConsent(){var elToRemove=document.getElementById('ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper');elToRemove.parentNode.removeChild(elToRemove)}function saveSelections(buttonId,unclassifiedConsent){var necessary=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-necessary").checked?1:0;var preference=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-preference").checked?1:0;var statistics=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-statistics").checked?1:0;var marketing=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-marketing").checked?1:0;var consentData="-1="+unclassifiedConsent+"|1="+necessary+"|2="+preference+"|3="+statistics+"|4="+marketing;sendRequest("/cmp/log.gif?dcId="+dcId+"&version="+version+"&buttonId="+buttonId+"&consent="+encodeURIComponent(consentData),function(){});setCookie(consentData);removeConsent();if(pageIsEngageable===!1){fireEvent(document.body,'ezPageEngageable')}fireEvent(document.body,'ezCMPComplete');if(typeof EzConsentCallback==="function"){var consentObj={necessary:!!(necessary),preferences:!!(preference),statistics:!!(statistics),marketing:!!(marketing)};EzConsentCallback(consentObj)}saveCMP(marketing)}function saveCMP(marketing){var vendorList={"vendorListVersion":31,"lastUpdated":"2018-05-25T19:04:31Z","purposes":[{"id":1,"name":"Information storage and access","description":"The storage of information, or access to information that is already stored, on your device such as advertising identifiers, device identifiers, cookies, and similar technologies."},{"id":2,"name":"Personalisation","description":"The collection and processing of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise advertising and/or content for you in other contexts, such as on other websites or apps, over time. Typically, the content of the site or app is used to make inferences about your interests, which inform future selection of advertising and/or content."},{"id":3,"name":"Ad selection, delivery, reporting","description":"The collection of information, and combination with previously collected information, to select and deliver advertisements for you, and to measure the delivery and effectiveness of such advertisements. This includes using previously collected information about your interests to select ads, processing data about what advertisements were shown, how often they were shown, when and where they were shown, and whether you took any action related to the advertisement, including for example clicking an ad or making a purchase. This does not include personalisation, which is the collection and processing of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise advertising and/or content for you in other contexts, such as websites or apps, over time."},{"id":4,"name":"Content selection, delivery, reporting","description":"The collection of information, and combination with previously collected information, to select and deliver content for you, and to measure the delivery and effectiveness of such content. This includes using previously collected information about your interests to select content, processing data about what content was shown, how often or how long it was shown, when and where it was shown, and whether the you took any action related to the content, including for example clicking on content. This does not include personalisation, which is the collection and processing of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise content and/or advertising for you in other contexts, such as websites or apps, over time."},{"id":5,"name":"Measurement","description":"The collection of information about your use of the content, and combination with previously collected information, used to measure, understand, and report on your usage of the service. This does not include personalisation, the collection of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise content and/or advertising for you in other contexts, i.e. on other service, such as websites or apps, over time."}],"features":[{"id":1,"name":"Matching Data to Offline Sources","description":"Combining data from offline sources that were initially collected in other contexts."},{"id":2,"name":"Linking Devices","description":"Allow processing of a user's data to connect such user across multiple devices."},{"id":3,"name":"Precise Geographic Location Data","description":"Allow processing of a user's precise geographic location data in support of a purpose for which that certain third party has consent."}],"vendors":[{"id":8,"name":"Emerse Sverige AB","policyUrl":"https://www.emerse.com/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1,2,4],"legIntPurposeIds":[3,5],"featureIds":[1,2]},{"id":12,"name":"BeeswaxIO Corporation","policyUrl":"https://www.beeswax.com/privacy.html","purposeIds":[1,3,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[3]},{"id":28,"name":"TripleLift, Inc.","policyUrl":"https://triplelift.com/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,3],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[3]},{"id":9,"name":"AdMaxim Inc.","policyUrl":"http://www.admaxim.com/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":27,"name":"ADventori SAS","policyUrl":"https://www.adventori.com/with-us/legal-notice/","purposeIds":[var cmpVendorData={"selectedPurposeIds":selectedPurposeIds,"selectedVendorIds":selectedVendorIds,"cookieVersion":1,"cmpId":1,"cmpVersion":1,"consentLanguage":"EN","maxVendorId":345,"created":d.toUTCString(),"lastUpdated":d.toUTCString(),"vendorListVersion":31,"vendorList":vendorList};if(window.__cmp){window.__cmp('setVendorConsentCookie',cmpVendorData)}}function sendRequest(url,callback,postData){var req=createXMLHTTPObject();if(!req)return;var method=(postData)?"POST":"GET";req.open(method,url,!0);if(postData)req.setRequestHeader('Content-type','application/x-www-form-urlencoded');req.onreadystatechange=function(){if(req.readyState!==4)return;if(req.status!==200&&req.status!==304)return;callback(req)};if(req.readyState===4)return;req.send(postData)}function setCookie(consentData){var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+(results.ckLength*24*60*60*1000));var expires="expires="+d.toUTCString();document.cookie=results.ezCMP+"="+consentData+";"+expires+";domain="+results.domain+";path=/"}function determineCheckedCheckboxes(){var selectedBoxes={};if(results.settings.checkedConsentBoxes){var boxes=results.settings.checkedConsentBoxes.split(',')for(var i=0;i<boxes.length;i++){selectedBoxes[boxes[i]]='checked="checked"'}}return selectedBoxes}function setLanguage(lang){selectedLanguage=lang;b=determineCheckedCheckboxes();var langTemp=template;for(var i=0;i<results.contentData.list.length;i++){var c=results.contentData.list[i];if(c.language===selectedLanguage){dcId=c.id;langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{dialog-heading}/g,c.dialogHeading).replace(/{dialog-body}/g,c.dialogBody).replace(/{privacy}/g,results.privacy);langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{decline-button-text}/g,c.declineButton).replace(/{accept-button-text}/g,c.acceptButton).replace(/{ok-button-text}/g,c.okButton);langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{necessary}/g,c.necessaryCategory);langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{preference}/g,c.preferenceCategory).replace(/{preference-checked}/g,b.preference||"");langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{statistics}/g,c.statisticsCategory).replace(/{statistics-checked}/g,b.statistics||"");langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{marketing}/g,c.marketingCategory).replace(/{marketing-checked}/g,b.marketing||"");langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{unclassified}/g,c.unclassifiedCategory).replace(/{unclassified-checked}/g,b.unclassified||"");langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{cookie-details-link}/g,c.cookieDetailsLink).replace(/{about-cookies-link}/g,c.aboutCookiesLink).replace(/{privacy-link}/g,c.privacyPolicyLink);langTemp=langTemp.replace(/{column-pii}/g,c.columnPII).replace(/{column-duration}/g,c.columnDuration).replace(/{column-name}/g,c.columnName).replace(/{column-purpose}/g,c.columnPurpose).replace(/{cookie-info}/g,c.cookieInfo.replace(/(?:\r\n|\\r\\n|\r|\n)/g,'<br>'))}}document.getElementById("ez-cookie-form").innerHTML=langTemp;loadDetails('necessary');toggle.about=!1;toggle.details=!1}function toggleAbout(){var el=document.getElementById('ez-about-cookies-text');el.setAttribute('style',toggle.about?'display:none!important':'display:block!important');toggle.about=!toggle.about}function toggleDetails(closeAboutOnClose){closeAboutOnClose=typeof closeAboutOnClose!=='undefined'?closeAboutOnClose:!1;var el=document.getElementById('ez-cookie-details-container');el.setAttribute('style',toggle.details?'display:none!important':'display:block!important');if(toggle.details){document.getElementById('ez-cookie-details').classList.remove('open');if(closeAboutOnClose&&toggle.about){toggleAbout()}}else{document.getElementById('ez-cookie-details').classList.add('open')}toggle.details=!toggle.details}return{changeLanguage:setLanguage,handleAcceptClick:handleAcceptClick,handleDeclineClick:handleDeclineClick,handleOkClick:handleOkClick,init:init,loadDetails:loadDetails,toggleAbout:toggleAbout,toggleDetails:toggleDetails}})()    ezCMP.init();</script><script type="text/javascript" async src="/utilcave_com/inc/ezcl.webp?cb=4"></script></body></html>