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.ezoic-wrapper h3,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h3,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h3 a,
.ezoic-wrapper h4,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h4,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h4 a,
.ezoic-wrapper h5,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h5,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h5 a,
.ezoic-wrapper h6,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h6,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h6 a {
color: #3a3a3a; }
.ezoic-wrapper .tagcloud a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .tagcloud a:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper .tagcloud a.current-item {
color: white;
border-color: #375764;
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item a {
color: #3a3a3a; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li.focus > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current_page_item > .ast-menu-toggle {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper input:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="text"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="email"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="url"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="password"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="reset"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="search"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper textarea:focus {
border-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="radio"]:checked,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type=reset],
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="checkbox"]:checked,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="checkbox"]:hover:checked,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="checkbox"]:focus:checked,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb {
border-color: #375764;
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .site-footer a:hover + .post-count,
.ezoic-wrapper .site-footer a:focus + .post-count {
background: #375764;
border-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .footer-adv .footer-adv-overlay {
border-top-style: solid;
border-top-color: #7a7a7a; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-comment-meta {
line-height: 1.667;
font-size: 17px;
font-size: 0.81rem; }
.ezoic-wrapper .single .nav-links .nav-previous,
.ezoic-wrapper .single .nav-links .nav-next,
.ezoic-wrapper .single .ast-author-details .author-title,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-comment-meta {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-meta,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-meta * {
line-height: 1.45;
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-meta a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-meta a:hover *,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-meta a:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-meta a:focus * {
color: #3a3a3a; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-404-layout-1 .ast-404-text {
font-size: 200px;
font-size: 9.524rem; }
.ezoic-wrapper .widget-title {
font-size: 30px;
font-size: 1.429rem;
color: #3a3a3a; }
.ezoic-wrapper #cat option,
.ezoic-wrapper .secondary .calendar_wrap thead a,
.ezoic-wrapper .secondary .calendar_wrap thead a:visited {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .secondary .calendar_wrap #today,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-progress-val span {
background: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .secondary a:hover + .post-count,
.ezoic-wrapper .secondary a:focus + .post-count {
background: #375764;
border-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .calendar_wrap #today > a {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination a,
.ezoic-wrapper .page-links .page-link,
.ezoic-wrapper .single .post-navigation a {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination a:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination > span:hover:not(.dots),
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination > span.current,
.ezoic-wrapper .page-links > .page-link,
.ezoic-wrapper .page-links .page-link:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .post-navigation a:hover {
color: #3a3a3a; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-minimal.menu-toggle {
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-outline.menu-toggle {
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
border: 1px solid #375764;
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-fill.menu-toggle {
background: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper button,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-button,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-custom-button,
.ezoic-wrapper .button,
.ezoic-wrapper input#submit,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="button"],
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="submit"],
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="reset"] {
color: white;
border-color: #375764;
background-color: #375764;
border-radius: 2px;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-right: 40px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
padding-left: 40px;
font-family: inherit;
font-weight: inherit; }
.ezoic-wrapper button:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper .menu-toggle:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper button:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-button:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .button:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type=reset]:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type=reset]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input#submit:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper input#submit:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="button"]:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="button"]:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="submit"]:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper input[type="submit"]:focus {
color: white;
background-color: #3a3a3a;
border-color: #3a3a3a; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-page-builder-template .comments-area,
.ezoic-wrapper .single.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header,
.ezoic-wrapper .single.ast-page-builder-template .post-navigation {
max-width: 1240px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-container {
max-width: 1240px; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper {
border-color: #eaeaea; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children {
border-top-width: 1px;
border-right-width: 1px;
border-left-width: 1px;
border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-style: solid; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children .children {
top: -1px; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children a {
border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #eaeaea; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > ul,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > ul {
margin-left: -2px; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-small-footer {
border-top-style: solid;
border-top-width: 1px;
border-top-color: #e8e8e8; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li {
display: inline-block;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
background: inherit;
text-indent: 0; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse {
font-size: inherit;
font-style: inherit;
font-weight: inherit;
color: inherit; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items {
list-style: none; }
.ezoic-wrapper .trail-items li > .ezoic-after-el {
padding: 0 0.3em;
content: "»"; }
.ezoic-wrapper .trail-items li:last-of-type > .ezoic-after-el {
display: none; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .site-header {
border-bottom-width: 0; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-bar {
border-bottom-width: 0; }
.ezoic-wrapper #primary {
width: 70%; }
.ezoic-wrapper #secondary {
width: 30%; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-flex {
-webkit-align-content: center;
-ms-flex-line-pack: center;
align-content: center;
-webkit-box-align: center;
-webkit-align-items: center;
-moz-box-align: center;
-ms-flex-align: center;
align-items: center; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-bar {
padding: 1em 0; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-site-identity {
padding: 0; }
.ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-1 .ast-flex.main-header-container,
.ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-3 .ast-flex.main-header-container {
-webkit-align-content: center;
-ms-flex-line-pack: center;
align-content: center;
-webkit-box-align: center;
-webkit-align-items: center;
-moz-box-align: center;
-ms-flex-align: center;
align-items: center; }
.ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-1 .ast-flex.main-header-container,
.ezoic-wrapper .header-main-layout-3 .ast-flex.main-header-container {
-webkit-align-content: center;
-ms-flex-line-pack: center;
align-content: center;
-webkit-box-align: center;
-webkit-align-items: center;
-moz-box-align: center;
-ms-flex-align: center;
align-items: center; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on * {
background: #375764;
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-month,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-year {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-load-more:hover {
color: white;
border-color: #375764;
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-loader > div {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers {
color: #3a3a3a;
border-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers.current,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers:focus,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-pagination .page-numbers:hover {
color: white;
background-color: #375764;
border-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper h1,
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-content h1 {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .entry-title a {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .blog-layout-1,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .blog-layout-2,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .blog-layout-3 {
background-color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-archive-description .page-title {
color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .comment-respond,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .error-404,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .no-results,
.ezoic-wrapper .single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content {
background-color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-bar {
background-color: #375764;
background-image: none; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .current_page_item > a {
color: white;
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li.focus > a {
background-color: #375764;
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-custom-item a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children a {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.focus > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.focus > a {
color: white;
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item-heading.current_page_item {
color: white;
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .main-navigation .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar {
background-color: #375764;
background-image: none; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current_page_item > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items .ast-inline-search form .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select .widget,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select .widget-title {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items .ast-inline-search form {
border-color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.focus > a {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.focus > .ast-menu-toggle {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current_page_item > .ast-menu-toggle,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current_page_item > a {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu li.current_page_item > a {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu a {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul a {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu ul {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu ul a:focus {
color: white; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children a:hover,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li:hover > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.focus > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.focus > a {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_ancestor > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .children li.current_page_item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
.ezoic-wrapper .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a {
background-color: #375764; }
.ezoic-wrapper .woocommerce .products ul,
.ezoic-wrapper .woocommerce ul.products {
margin: 0 0 0em; }
.ezoic-wrapper img.zoomImg {
display: inline !important; }
.ezoic-wrapper[class$="woocommerce-product-gallery__trigger"] {
visibility: hidden; }
</style><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><style type="text/css" datatype="ezoic-user-css">
.ezoic-wrapper-column-1 { max-width: 184px !important; }
.ezoic-wrapper-column-2 { max-width: 184px !important; }
.ezoic-wrapper-content { max-width: 730px !important; }
.ezoic-wrapper-column-1 * { max-width: 184px; }
.ezoic-wrapper-column-2 * { max-width: 184px; }
.ezoic-wrapper-content * { max-width: 730px; }
.ezWidgetWrap { display: table !important; overflow: hidden !important; clear: both !important; }
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<article class="post-66194 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-diy-electronics-devices tag-electrical ast-article-single" id="post-66194" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope="itemscope" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:5162px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:5162px;rend_px_area:3876662;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article;pagepos:139;cwidth:751px;cheight:5162px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:5162;rend_px_area:3876662;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:751;req_px_area:3041367.15;obj_px_area:1080000;req_px_height:837;req_margin_and_padding:732;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:32;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 32px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 19px 0px; word-break:break-word; "><div class="ast-post-format- single-layout-1 ast-no-date-box" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:5162px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:5162px;rend_px_area:3876662;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div;pagepos:140;cwidth:751px;cheight:5162px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:5162;rend_px_area:3876662;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:751;req_px_area:3041367.15;obj_px_area:1080000;req_px_height:837;req_margin_and_padding:700;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">
<header class="entry-header ast-no-thumbnail" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:240px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:699px;rend_px_area:180240;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header;pagepos:141;cwidth:751px;cheight:240px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:699;rend_px_area:180240;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:182155.05;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:87;req_margin_and_padding:52;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "><div class="ast-single-post-order" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:240px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:699px;rend_px_area:180240;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div;pagepos:142;cwidth:751px;cheight:240px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:699;rend_px_area:180240;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:182155.05;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:87;req_margin_and_padding:10;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;">
<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:171px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:570px;rend_px_area:128421;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:48px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/header/div/h1;pagepos:143;cwidth:751px;cheight:171px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:252px;wocalc:252px;hcalc:570;rend_px_area:128421;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:252;req_px_area:134842.05;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:57;req_margin_and_padding:10;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:10;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 10px 0px;margin:0px 0px 10px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">How to Build a Home Made Frequency Meter – Includes Schematic and Parts List</h1>
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<h2 eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:54px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:256px;wocalc:256px;hcalc:54px;rend_px_area:40554;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:42px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/h2[1];pagepos:156;cwidth:751px;cheight:54px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:256px;wocalc:256px;hcalc:54;rend_px_area:40554;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:294;req_px_area:27648;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:54;req_margin_and_padding:20;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:20;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 20px 0px;margin:0px 0px 20px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">Introduction</h2>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:420px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:147px;wocalc:147px;hcalc:2604px;rend_px_area:315420;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[1];pagepos:157;cwidth:751px;cheight:420px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:200px;wocalc:147px;hcalc:2604;rend_px_area:315420;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:172;req_px_area:331191;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">The frequency meters available in the market are generally too costly and sophisticated. For new electronic enthusiasts it is always difficult to lay their hands on these hi-end types of frequency meters. Also, since the measuring needs of these electronic novices are limited, a simple analogue frequency meter in most cases can easily fulfill their demands. The homemade frequency meter circuit described in this article is very simple in design and will provide an optimum frequency measuring range useful to most electronic hobbyists. Moreover it would be great fun to build a test instrument at home and use it for the testing purposes of the future construction projects.</p>
<h2 eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:54px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:244px;wocalc:244px;hcalc:108px;rend_px_area:40554;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:42px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/h2[2];pagepos:158;cwidth:751px;cheight:54px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:244px;wocalc:244px;hcalc:108;rend_px_area:40554;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:245;req_px_area:39528;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:54;req_margin_and_padding:20;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:20;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 20px 0px;margin:0px 0px 20px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">What is Frequency?</h2>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[2];pagepos:159;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p>
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<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[3];pagepos:162;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:210px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:124px;wocalc:124px;hcalc:1512px;rend_px_area:157710;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[4];pagepos:163;cwidth:751px;cheight:210px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:170px;wocalc:124px;hcalc:1512;rend_px_area:157710;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:147;req_px_area:165595.5;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">In electronics, a frequency generally is in the form of a voltage that changes or varies its polarity number of times per second. You may take the example of your domestic mains AC line where the frequency of the voltage changes from positive to negative 50 to 60 times a second, hence the name Alternating Current or AC.</p><span style='display:inline-block;float:none;margin-bottom:2px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:2px !important;min-height:270px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad medrectangle-4' data-ad-type='no-expand' data-ez-name='brighthubengineering_com-medrectangle-4'><span id='div-gpt-ad-brighthubengineering_com-medrectangle-4-0' ezaw='300' ezah='250' style='position:relative;z-index:501;display:inline-block;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad ezoic-adl'><script data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false' type='text/javascript' style='display:none;'>eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'brighthubengineering_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',340,'0','0']));</script></span></span>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:294px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:146px;wocalc:146px;hcalc:1596px;rend_px_area:220794;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[5];pagepos:164;cwidth:751px;cheight:294px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:170px;wocalc:146px;hcalc:1596;rend_px_area:220794;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:160;req_px_area:231833.7;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The frequencies involved in electronic circuits are always low in magnitude and may not exceed the maximum operating voltage or the supply voltage of the circuit itself. These are used to fulfill many complicated functions in a circuit and are mostly generated using CMOS logic gates. It often becomes necessary to measure the rate of these frequencies and thus a frequency meter proves to be quite an indispensable tool for it.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:125px;wocalc:125px;hcalc:630px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[6];pagepos:165;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:125px;wocalc:125px;hcalc:630;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:89250;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The circuit of an analogue frequency meter presented here can be used to measure frequencies from as low as 25 Hz to a maximum of 500 KHz.</p><span style='display:inline-block;float:none;margin-bottom:2px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:2px !important;min-height:270px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad box-4' data-ad-type='no-expand' data-ez-name='brighthubengineering_com-box-4'><span id='div-gpt-ad-brighthubengineering_com-box-4-0' ezaw='300' ezah='250' style='position:relative;z-index:501;display:inline-block;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;' class='ezoic-ad ezoic-adl'><script data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false' type='text/javascript' style='display:none;'>eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'brighthubengineering_com-box-4','ezslot_3',260,'0','0']));</script></span></span>
<h2 eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:54px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:240px;wocalc:240px;hcalc:108px;rend_px_area:40554;" cwidth="751" style="font-size:42px;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/h2[3];pagepos:166;cwidth:751px;cheight:54px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:240px;wocalc:240px;hcalc:108;rend_px_area:40554;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:270;req_px_area:38880;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:54;req_margin_and_padding:20;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:20;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 20px 0px;margin:0px 0px 20px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">Circuit Description</h2>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[7];pagepos:167;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p>
<div style="text-align:center;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[2];pagepos:168;cwidth:751px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:450600;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;req_px_area:360000;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:450600;" cwidth="751"><span style='position:relative;max-width:600px;' onmouseover='document.getElementById("ezimg-237696774").style.display="block"' onmouseout='document.getElementById("ezimg-237696774").style.display="none"'><img src="https://img.bhs4.com/82/b/82b28b13df043fd9bcc853128c8bf0b941ac64cb_large.jpg" alt="A Typical Analogue Frequency Meter" style="max-width:100%;width:364px;height:auto;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[2]/img;pagepos:169;cwidth:600px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:360000;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:600px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:360000;" cwidth="600"><span id='ezimg-237696774' style='position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:3px;display:none'><span style='float:right; padding-top:3px; text-align:right;'>
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<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:133px;wocalc:133px;hcalc:504px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[8];pagepos:170;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:133px;wocalc:133px;hcalc:504;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:147;req_px_area:66238.2;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">To understand the circuit functioning of this homemade frequency meter, let’s go through the following explanation:</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[9];pagepos:171;cwidth:751px;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:1px;wocalc:1px;hcalc:0;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; "></p>
<div style="text-align:center;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[3];pagepos:172;cwidth:751px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:450600;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;req_px_area:360000;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:450600;" cwidth="751"><span style='position:relative;max-width:600px;' onmouseover='document.getElementById("ezimg-987733956").style.display="block"' onmouseout='document.getElementById("ezimg-987733956").style.display="none"'><img src="https://img.bhs4.com/97/1/9718e951675c326180c66cf059f88bdfbd5ea5da_large.jpg" alt="Home made frequency meter" style="max-width:100%;width:364px;height:auto;nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/div[3]/img;pagepos:173;cwidth:600px;cheight:600px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600;rend_px_area:360000;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:0;obj_px_area:360000;req_px_area:360000;req_px_height:0;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;" eza="cwidth:600px;;cheight:600px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:600px;wocalc:600px;hcalc:600px;rend_px_area:360000;" cwidth="600"><span id='ezimg-987733956' style='position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:3px;display:none'><span style='float:right; padding-top:3px; text-align:right;'>
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<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:143px;wocalc:143px;hcalc:294px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[10];pagepos:174;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:143px;wocalc:143px;hcalc:294;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:172;req_px_area:57057;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">IC 555 forms the main part of the circuit and is wired as a monostable multivibrator.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:798px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[11];pagepos:175;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:798;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:123;req_px_area:99357.3;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">Its frequency is determined by the external components R2, VR1 and C3. The setting of VR1 is important and may be used to adjust the measuring range of the frequency meter.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:126px;wocalc:126px;hcalc:672px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[12];pagepos:176;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:126px;wocalc:126px;hcalc:672;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:160;req_px_area:97902;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The frequency in question is applied to the base of transistor T1 via resistor R6. T1 conducts only during the positive peaks of the input oscillations.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:168px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:130px;wocalc:130px;hcalc:1008px;rend_px_area:126168;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[13];pagepos:177;cwidth:751px;cheight:168px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:130px;wocalc:130px;hcalc:1008;rend_px_area:126168;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:160;req_px_area:132476.4;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">During these conductions of T1, capacitor C2 is forced to discharge quickly through R7 and T1. Also, during the negative peaks of the input oscillations, T1 is cut OFF and now C2 charges via R1 but at a fairly slow rate.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:99px;wocalc:99px;hcalc:924px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[14];pagepos:178;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:99px;hcalc:924;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:111;req_px_area:99357.3;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">Due to this, a sharp negative pulse appears at pin 2 of the IC through the capacitor C1. Resistor R3 makes it sure that the pulse is narrow and only just triggers the IC.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:462px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[15];pagepos:179;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:131px;wocalc:131px;hcalc:462;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:135;req_px_area:66238.2;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The IC immediately responds to the trigger generating a pulse of a constant period set by VR1 at its output pin 3.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:966px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[16];pagepos:180;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:110px;wocalc:110px;hcalc:966;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:123;req_px_area:99357.3;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">This pulse is smoothed and integrated by R4, R5 and C5, C6 to produce an average value of the pulses. A moving coil type meter can be used to indicate this integrated value.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:84px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:114px;wocalc:114px;hcalc:588px;rend_px_area:63084;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[17];pagepos:181;cwidth:751px;cheight:84px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:114px;wocalc:114px;hcalc:588;rend_px_area:63084;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:111;req_px_area:66238.2;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; ">The magnitude of these pulses will linearly vary with the input frequency and thus can be directly measured over the meter.</p>
<p eza="cwidth:751px;;cheight:126px;;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:126px;rend_px_area:94626;" cwidth="751" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[18];pagepos:182;cwidth:751px;cheight:126px;wcalc_source:defined;wcalc:751px;wocalc:751px;hcalc:126;rend_px_area:94626;rcnt:1;ez_min_text_wdth:751;req_px_area:71064;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:42;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:42;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 42px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; word-break:break-word; ">Waveform Image Credit: <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/physics/images/waveform2.gif" eza="cwidth:0px;;cheight:0px;;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:62px;wocalc:62px;hcalc:756px;rend_px_area:0;" cwidth="0" style="nodepath:/html/body/div/div[3]/div/div[1]/main/article/div/div/p[18]/a;pagepos:184;cwidth:62;cheight:0px;wcalc_source:child;wcalc:62px;wocalc:62px;hcalc:756;rend_px_area:0;rcnt:2;ez_min_text_wdth:62;req_px_area:54684;obj_px_area:0;req_px_height:42;req_margin_and_padding:0;req_ns_height:;vertical_margin:0;margin-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-for-scale:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;">https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/physics/images/waveform2.gif</a></p>
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"},"ez_rdr":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um Weiterleitungen zu verfolgen."},"ez_rdr_count":{"PURPOSE":"Wird vom Analytik- und Personalisierungsunternehmen Ezoic verwendet, um Weiterleitungen zu verfolgen"},"ez_recommended_pages":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von dem Analyse- und Personalisierungsunternehmen Ezoic verwendet, um Benutzer vom empfohlene Seiten Widget zu tracken."},"ez_view_optimized_only":{"PURPOSE":""},"ez_view_optimized_only\n":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um die Originalseite ohne die Features von Ezoic zu zeigen."},"ez_view_original_only":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um die Originalseite ohne die Features von Ezoic zu zeigen."},"ezdg":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um demographische Informationen wie Alter und Geschlecht zu speichern."},"ezds":{"PURPOSE":"Wird vom Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um die Pixelgröße Ihres Bildschirms zu speichern, um Ihre Erfahrung zu personalisieren und sicherzustellen, dass Inhalte passen."},"ezepvv":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um zu verfolgen, welche Seiten dieser Benutzer angesehen hat."},"ezoab_#":{"PURPOSE":"Wird vom Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um verschiedene Features und Funktionen zu testen."},"ezoadgid_#":{"PURPOSE":"Zeichnet eine ID auf, die Ihrer Alters- und Geschlechtskategorie entspricht. 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Wird zur Analyse und Personalisierung Ihrer Erfahrung verwendet."},"ezovuuidtime_#":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von dem Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um die Zeit Ihres Besuchs auf dieser Website festzuhalten, so dass verschiedene Besuche voneinander unterschieden werden können."},"ezpicker":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um ezpicker einzuschalten."},"ezpicker_nocache":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um die ezpicker App anzuweisen, keinen Cache zu verwenden."},"ezpicker_showall":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von der Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um der ezpicker App mitzuteilen, dass alle Platzhalter angezeigt werden sollen."},"ezux_et_#":{"PURPOSE":"Wird von dem Analyse- und Personalisierungsfirma Ezoic verwendet, um die Zeit festzuhalten, die Sie mit Inhalten auf dieser Website verbracht haben. 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var wrapper = '<div id="ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper"> <div id="ez-cookie-dialog"> <select id="ez-cookie-language" onchange="ezCMP.changeLanguage(this.value)">{language-options}</select> <div id="ez-cookie-form"></div> </div></div>';
var template = '<div id="ez-cookie-template"> <h2>{dialog-heading}</h2> <p>{dialog-body}</p><p><span id="button-row"> <span> <button id="ez-necessary-cookies" onclick="ezCMP.handleDeclineClick()">{decline-button-text}</button> <button id="ez-all-cookies" onclick="ezCMP.handleAcceptClick()">{accept-button-text}</button> </span> <span> <a id="ez-cookie-details" onclick="ezCMP.toggleDetails(true)" href="javascript:void(0);">{cookie-details-link}</a> </span> </span> </p><div id="ez-cookie-options"> <div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-necessary" type="checkbox" value="1" disabled checked/>{necessary}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-preference" type="checkbox" value="0"{preference-checked}/>{preference}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-statistics" type="checkbox" value="0"{statistics-checked}/>{statistics}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><label><input id="ez-cookie-option-marketing" type="checkbox" value="0"{marketing-checked}/>{marketing}</label></div><div class="ez-cookie-option"><button id="ez-ok-cookies" onclick="ezCMP.handleOkClick()">{ok-button-text}</button></div></div><div id="ez-cookie-details-container"> <div> <select onchange="ezCMP.loadDetails(this.value)"> <option value="necessary">{necessary}</option> <option value="preference">{preference}</option> <option value="statistics">{statistics}</option> <option value="marketing">{marketing}</option> <option value="unclassified">{unclassified}</option> </select> </div><div id="ez-cookie-details-description"></div><div style="overflow-x:auto;" id="ez-cookie-table-box"> <table id="ez-cookie-table"> <thead> <tr> <th>{column-name}</th> <th>{column-purpose}</th> <th>{column-pii}</th> <th class="cDuration">{column-duration}</th> </tr></thead> <tbody id="ez-cookie-table-body"> </tbody> </table> </div></div><p id="ez-about-cookies-text">{cookie-info}</p><div id="secondary-links"> <a id="ez-about-cookies" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="ezCMP.toggleAbout()">{about-cookies-link}</a> <span class="bar">|</span> <a href="{privacy}" target="_privacy">{privacy-link}</a> </div></div>';
var dcId,cmp,selectedLanguage;var toggle={details:!1,about:!1};var XMLHttpFactories=[function(){return new XMLHttpRequest()},function(){return new ActiveXObject("Msxml3.XMLHTTP")},function(){return new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP.6.0")},function(){return new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP.3.0")},function(){return new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP")},function(){return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}];function createXMLHTTPObject(){var xmlhttp=!1;for(var i=0;i<XMLHttpFactories.length;i++){try{xmlhttp=XMLHttpFactories[i]()}catch(e){continue}
break}
return xmlhttp}
function fireEvent(el,type){var e;if('createEvent' in document){e=document.createEvent('HTMLEvents');e.initEvent(type,!1,!0);el.dispatchEvent(e)}else{e=document.createEventObject();e.eventType=type;el.fireEvent('on'+e.eventType,e)}}
function getLanguageOptions(){var options="";for(var lang in results.contentData.languages){var selected=(lang===results.settings.defaultLanguage)?"SELECTED":"";options+="<option value='"+lang+"' "+selected+">"+lang+"</option>"}
return options}
function handleAcceptClick(){document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-preference").checked=!0;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-statistics").checked=!0;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-marketing").checked=!0;saveSelections(2,1)}
function handleDeclineClick(){document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-preference").checked=!1;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-statistics").checked=!1;document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-marketing").checked=!1;saveSelections(1,0)}
function handleOkClick(){saveSelections(3,0)}
function alreadyOpen(){return null!==document.getElementById('ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper')}
function init(){console.log(isValid());console.log(alreadyOpen());if(!isValid())return;if(alreadyOpen())return;if(pageIsEngageable===!0){fireEvent(document.body,'ezPageEngageable')}
var options=getLanguageOptions();var css=document.createElement('style');css.type='text/css';css.appendChild(document.createTextNode(styles));document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(css);cmp="";cmp+=wrapper;cmp=cmp.replace(/{language-options}/g,options);document.body.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend',cmp);setLanguage(results.settings.defaultLanguage);loadDetails('necessary')}
function isUnsetOrEmpty(){for(var i=0;i<arguments.length;i++){var arg=arguments[i];if(typeof arg==="undefined"||arg===null||arg===""){return!0}}
return!1}
function isValid(){return typeof results!=="undefined"&&results.hasOwnProperty('ezCMP')&&results.hasOwnProperty("contentData")&&results.contentData.hasOwnProperty('list')&&results.contentData.hasOwnProperty('languages')&&results.hasOwnProperty('domain')&&results.hasOwnProperty('settings')}
function loadDetails(type){var desc="",items=[];for(var i=0;i<results.contentData.list.length;i++){var c=results.contentData.list[i];if(c.language!==selectedLanguage)continue;switch(type){case 'necessary':desc=c.necessaryDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["1"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["1"];break;case 'preference':desc=c.preferenceDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["2"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["2"];break;case 'statistics':desc=c.statisticsDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["3"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["3"];break;case 'marketing':desc=c.marketingDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["4"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["4"];break;case 'unclassified':desc=c.unclassifiedDescription;if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpAllCookies,results.cmpAllCookies["-1"])===!1)items=results.cmpAllCookies["-1"];break}}
document.getElementById("ez-cookie-details-description").innerHTML=desc;var rows="";if(Object.keys(items).length>0){for(var ck in items){var purpose="";if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations)===!1){if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage])===!1){if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage][ck])===!1){if(isUnsetOrEmpty(results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage][ck].PURPOSE)===!1){purpose=results.cmpCookieTranslations[selectedLanguage][ck].PURPOSE}}}}
var duration=""
if(items[ck].Duration>0){duration=items[ck].Duration+" min"}
rows+="<tr><td>"+ck+"</td><td>"+purpose+"</td><td>"+(items[ck].IsPII==1?"true":"false")+"</td><td class='cDuration'>"+duration+"</td></tr>"}}else{rows="<tr><td colspan='3' style='text-align:center'>n/a</td></tr>"}
document.getElementById("ez-cookie-table-body").innerHTML=rows}
function removeConsent(){var elToRemove=document.getElementById('ez-cookie-dialog-wrapper');elToRemove.parentNode.removeChild(elToRemove)}
function saveSelections(buttonId,unclassifiedConsent){var necessary=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-necessary").checked?1:0;var preference=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-preference").checked?1:0;var statistics=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-statistics").checked?1:0;var marketing=document.getElementById("ez-cookie-option-marketing").checked?1:0;var consentData="-1="+unclassifiedConsent+"|1="+necessary+"|2="+preference+"|3="+statistics+"|4="+marketing;sendRequest("/cmp/log.gif?dcId="+dcId+"&version="+version+"&buttonId="+buttonId+"&consent="+encodeURIComponent(consentData),function(){});setCookie(consentData);removeConsent();if(pageIsEngageable===!1){fireEvent(document.body,'ezPageEngageable')}
fireEvent(document.body,'ezCMPComplete');if(typeof EzConsentCallback==="function"){var consentObj={necessary:!!(necessary),preferences:!!(preference),statistics:!!(statistics),marketing:!!(marketing)};EzConsentCallback(consentObj)}
saveCMP(marketing)}
function saveCMP(marketing){var vendorList={"vendorListVersion":31,"lastUpdated":"2018-05-25T19:04:31Z","purposes":[{"id":1,"name":"Information storage and access","description":"The storage of information, or access to information that is already stored, on your device such as advertising identifiers, device identifiers, cookies, and similar technologies."},{"id":2,"name":"Personalisation","description":"The collection and processing of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise advertising and/or content for you in other contexts, such as on other websites or apps, over time. Typically, the content of the site or app is used to make inferences about your interests, which inform future selection of advertising and/or content."},{"id":3,"name":"Ad selection, delivery, reporting","description":"The collection of information, and combination with previously collected information, to select and deliver advertisements for you, and to measure the delivery and effectiveness of such advertisements. This includes using previously collected information about your interests to select ads, processing data about what advertisements were shown, how often they were shown, when and where they were shown, and whether you took any action related to the advertisement, including for example clicking an ad or making a purchase. This does not include personalisation, which is the collection and processing of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise advertising and/or content for you in other contexts, such as websites or apps, over time."},{"id":4,"name":"Content selection, delivery, reporting","description":"The collection of information, and combination with previously collected information, to select and deliver content for you, and to measure the delivery and effectiveness of such content. This includes using previously collected information about your interests to select content, processing data about what content was shown, how often or how long it was shown, when and where it was shown, and whether the you took any action related to the content, including for example clicking on content. This does not include personalisation, which is the collection and processing of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise content and/or advertising for you in other contexts, such as websites or apps, over time."},{"id":5,"name":"Measurement","description":"The collection of information about your use of the content, and combination with previously collected information, used to measure, understand, and report on your usage of the service. This does not include personalisation, the collection of information about your use of this service to subsequently personalise content and/or advertising for you in other contexts, i.e. on other service, such as websites or apps, over time."}],"features":[{"id":1,"name":"Matching Data to Offline Sources","description":"Combining data from offline sources that were initially collected in other contexts."},{"id":2,"name":"Linking Devices","description":"Allow processing of a user's data to connect such user across multiple devices."},{"id":3,"name":"Precise Geographic Location Data","description":"Allow processing of a user's precise geographic location data in support of a purpose for which that certain third party has consent."}],"vendors":[{"id":8,"name":"Emerse Sverige AB","policyUrl":"https://www.emerse.com/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1,2,4],"legIntPurposeIds":[3,5],"featureIds":[1,2]},{"id":12,"name":"BeeswaxIO Corporation","policyUrl":"https://www.beeswax.com/privacy.html","purposeIds":[1,3,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[3]},{"id":28,"name":"TripleLift, Inc.","policyUrl":"https://triplelift.com/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,3],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[3]},{"id":9,"name":"AdMaxim Inc.","policyUrl":"http://www.admaxim.com/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":27,"name":"ADventori SAS","policyUrl":"https://www.adventori.com/with-us/legal-notice/","purposeIds":[2],"legIntPurposeIds":[1,3,4,5],"featureIds":[]},{"id":25,"name":"Oath (EMEA) Limited","policyUrl":"https://policies.oath.com/ie/en/oath/privacy/index.html","purposeIds":[1,2],"legIntPurposeIds":[3,5],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":26,"name":"Venatus Media Limited","policyUrl":"https://www.venatusmedia.com/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[]},{"id":1,"name":"Exponential Interactive, Inc","policyUrl":"http://exponential.com/privacy","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[]},{"id":6,"name":"AdSpirit GmbH","policyUrl":"http://www.adspirit.de/privacy","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[]},{"id":30,"name":"BidTheatre AB","policyUrl":"https://www.bidtheatre.com/privacy-policy","purposeIds":[2],"legIntPurposeIds":[1,3],"featureIds":[2,3]},{"id":24,"name":"Conversant Europe Ltd.","policyUrl":"https://www.conversantmedia.eu/legal/privacy-policy","purposeIds":[1],"legIntPurposeIds":[2,3,4,5],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":29,"name":"Etarget SE","policyUrl":"https://www.etarget.sk/privacy.php","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[1]},{"id":39,"name":"ADITION technologies AG","policyUrl":"adition.com/datenschutz","purposeIds":[],"legIntPurposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":11,"name":"Quantcast International Limited","policyUrl":"https://www.quantcast.com/privacy/","purposeIds":[1],"legIntPurposeIds":[2,3,4,5],"featureIds":[1,2]},{"id":15,"name":"Adikteev","policyUrl":"https://www.adikteev.com/eu/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,2],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[]},{"id":4,"name":"Roq.ad GmbH","policyUrl":"https://www.roq.ad/privacy-policy","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[2,3]},{"id":7,"name":"Vibrant Media Limited","policyUrl":"https://www.vibrantmedia.com/en/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[1],"featureIds":[]},{"id":2,"name":"Captify Technologies Limited","policyUrl":"http://www.captify.co.uk/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[2,3,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[1],"featureIds":[2]},{"id":37,"name":"NEURAL.ONE","policyUrl":"https://web.neural.one/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[1,2]},{"id":13,"name":"Sovrn Holdings Inc","policyUrl":"https://www.sovrn.com/sovrn-privacy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[2,3]},{"id":34,"name":"NEORY GmbH","policyUrl":"https://www.neory.com/privacy.html","purposeIds":[1,2,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[3],"featureIds":[]},{"id":32,"name":"AppNexus Inc.","policyUrl":"https://www.appnexus.com/en/company/platform-privacy-policy","purposeIds":[1],"legIntPurposeIds":[3],"featureIds":[2,3]},{"id":10,"name":"Index Exchange, Inc. ","policyUrl":"www.indexexchange.com/privacy","purposeIds":[1],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[2,3]},{"id":57,"name":"ADARA MEDIA UNLIMITED","policyUrl":"https://adara.com/2018/04/10/adara-gdpr-faq/","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[1,2]},{"id":63,"name":"Avocet Systems Limited","policyUrl":"http://www.avocet.io/privacy-policy","purposeIds":[],"legIntPurposeIds":[1,3],"featureIds":[]},{"id":51,"name":"xAd, Inc. dba GroundTruth","policyUrl":"https://www.groundtruth.com/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3,4,5],"legIntPurposeIds":[],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":49,"name":"Tradelab, SAS","policyUrl":"http://tradelab.com/en/privacy/","purposeIds":[1,2,3],"legIntPurposeIds":[5],"featureIds":[1,2,3]},{"id":45,"name":"Smart Adserver","policyUrl":"http://smartadserver.com/company/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1,2],"legIntPurposeIds":[3,5],"featureIds":[3]},{"id":52,"name":"The Rubicon Project, Limited","policyUrl":"http://rubiconproject.com/rubicon-project-yield-optimization-privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1],"legIntPurposeIds":[2,3,4,5],"featureIds":[3]},{"id":35,"name":"Purch Group, Inc.","policyUrl":"http://www.purch.com/privacy-policy/","purposeIds":[1],"legIntPurposeIds":[3,5],"featureIds":[]},{"id":71,"name":"Dataxu, Inc. 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